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USDA Agricultural Research Service Research Reports

Title:Aquaculture and Livestock Feed Supplements from Fish Processing Wastes (Year 3)

Period Covered: From: 10/03 To: 09/04

Progress and Outcomes:

1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? How serious is the problem? Why does it matter?

The Alaskan fishing industry produces over one million metric tons of by-product and waste annually. This material has potential value as a protein and natural products source but is only minimally used. This study seeks to document and characterize the various sources and existing secondary products and to develop new and higher value materials for feed ingredients for animal (agriculture and aquatic) feed. Currently almost all of the fishery waste from large processors is converted to low value, high ash meal for sale abroad. Meal production is considered a cost of doing business and has not yet become recognized as a significant source of revenue. Much of the waste from smaller processors is disposed using the grind and dump method. Recent regulatory changes requiring 100 % utilization of cod and pollock make the development of best-use end products urgent.

2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan.

3.2.1 Identify supply and availability of existing raw by-products of processing in Alaska’s Seafood Industry (whitefish, salmon).

3.2.2 Evaluate processes for making higher quality (value) secondary products (fish meal, stickwater, oil and bone), from seafood by-products.

3.2.3 Characterize physical, chemical and nutritional properties of existing secondary products as ingredients for animal feeds and other agricultural and aquaculture products.

3.2.4 Identify, characterize and prioritize potential applications for existing fish by-products and/or innovative hydrolysate products (gonadal hydrolysates, fractionated fish oil, carotenoid pigments) as ingredients for animal feeds and other agricultural and aquaculture products.

3.2.5: Modify processes to optimize the quality of secondary products for use in feeds and to increase production to demonstration scale.

3.2.6. Develop innovative ecosystem based aquaculture processes to better utilize fish by-products

3.2.7 Document market specifications for secondary products from fish processing by-products (pesticides, PCBs, etc.)

3.2.8. Assess economic viability and impact of new technologies for producing and utilizing innovative secondary products and feeds

3.2.9. Extend feeding trials to marketability of fish raised of by-products for final feeding and extension of plant based feed

3.2.10. Develop educational and information transfer programs and demonstrate technologies to the Alaskan Seafood Industry, as well as other stakeholders and partners.

3. Milestones: 3A. List the milestones (from the list in Question #2) that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2004. How many milestones did you fully or substantially meet in FY 2004 and indicate which ones were not fully or substantially met, briefly explain why not, and your plans to do so.

[The following are from the Year 5 Research Plan]

3.2.4.1 Development and chemical characterization of specific secondary products derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of the by-products of fish processing for application in feeds and fertilizers. FITC/BioOregon Task 1: Production of ultra-low ash fish meal FITC, in coordination with UI, cancelled making the hydrolysate and fertilizers at the Alfred Owen Building because Bio-Oregon Inc. of Warrenton OR already makes an ultra-low ash fish meal. We have acquired a variety of hydrolysates, including several made with Alaska raw materials directly from this supplier. UI Task 2: Evaluation of ultra-low ash fish meal OI/UHH Task 3: Organic Fertilizer Fertilizer was obtained from Bio-Oregon and shipped to the island of Hawaii, where work has commenced. A report will be made by the termination of the project.

3.2.4.2 Development and chemical characterization of stickwater enhanced fish meals for application in aquacultural feeds FITC – Analysis of stickwater enhanced fish meals FITC made pollock stickwater augmented (0, 10, 20, and 40% protein/protein substituted) fish meal, 100 kg total. This was shipped to OI on April 2003. OI – Nutritional analysis in marine fish and shrimp Growth trials were conducted with stickwater enhanced fish meals in diets for fish (December 2003) and shrimp (February 2004). Data is being collated and final report is being written.

3.2.4.3 Characterization of seasonal and species specific changes in stickwater, derived from the by-products of fish processing, for application as an appetite enhancer in feeds. FITC – Analysis of stickwaters by season and species Scientists at FITC concluded that drying undigested stickwater to a powder is not cost effective at this time. Several drying methods (a 1500W commercial microwave, a Littleford FM-120-D drier with vacuum, an Enviro-Pak air dryer set at 60 °C, and a Virtis 52ES Freeze-dryer) were tested to produce a stickwater powder. Except for the freeze-dryer, all processes failed; the end products were either burned or severely caramelized. The freeze-dryer made a good quality powder, but this process is time consuming (it takes about 10 days to make 2 kg of dry material). Production Dry pollock stickwater, Freeze-dried 5.2 kg., being held at FITC -28.9 °C Our testing showed that the red salmon stickwater was not very good due to logistics issues surrounding its manufacture. FITC is waiting for pink salmon to make the undigested dried stickwater from that source, (early and late season). We are delaying the shipment of these products until we can forward all experimental materials at the same time.

OI – Analysis of stickwater by season and species See FITC above. One sample of freeze dried stickwater hydrolysate was received by OI and the attractant properties for shrimp are being determined.

3.2.4.4 Production and characterization of fish meal derived from the by-products of fish processing, for application in feeds FITC has procured a wide range of species specific and season specific fish meals made in Alaska for chemical, physical and nutritional testing. In addition in collaboration with Dr. P. Bechtel, we have made protein meals from a variety of specific organs derived from the byproducts of seafood processing. As these have been characterized they have been shipped off the OI and UI for nutritional testing.

OI Task 1 – Nutritional Quality Completed initial growth trial. Preliminary sensory evaluation conducted. OI Task 2 – Optimization Growth trial initiated. Because of technical difficulties (the tanks proved unsuitable for these fish) there was a need to restart the trial with appropriate tanks.

3.2.4.5 Nutritional Analysis of C20:1w11 & C22:1w11 Fatty Acids FITC – Chemical analysis of fish oils enriched in C20:1w11 & C22:1w11 fatty acids Pope Scientific Inc. (Saukville, WI) are experts in pope still distillation. However, this company has never made a C20:1w11 & C22:1w11 enrichment from fish oil. We contracted with them to do this and provided them with a sample for testing. In May 2004, we sent them 1L of fatty acid ethyl esters prepared from menhaden and Alaskan pollock oil. Pope Scientific had no problem enriching the menhaden fatty acid ethyl esters, but the pollock sample formed a "gel" in the pope still rendering the device inoperative. We are working with Pope Scientific to find a solution for this methodological problem. Independently we are producing a cruder enrichment of C20:1w11 and C22:1w11 fatty acids with a combination of "winterization" and centrifugation. OI – Shrimp growth trial Sample production was delayed due to equipment difficulties in Alaska with fish oil enriching equipment. See above. UI – Fish feeding/photoperiod studies Sample production was delayed due to equipment difficulties in Alaska with fish oil enriching equipment. See above.

3.2.5.1 Hydrolysates from the by-products of seafood processing as ingredients for aquacultural feeds and fertilizers. Task 1 Post-spawned pollock hydrolysate FITC – production of hydrolysates FITC has contracted with Bio-Oregon Inc., of Warrenton OR to make the hydrolysates. Our researchers sent frozen seafood processing byproducts shipped from Kodiak to Warrenton and Bio-Oregon then hydrolyzed the material for our program. This change required that a number of proposed research projects involving hydrolysates be postponed. FITC is holding the remainder of the hydrolysis meals, after what has been shipped to OI and UI for testing, in -28.9 °C freezers Production Spring pollock hydrolysate meal Bio-Oregon, 210 kg. 25 kg shipped 12/2003 to both OI and UI. Red salmon hydrolysate meal Bio-Oregon, 250 kg. 25 kg shipped 12/2003 to both OI and UI. Pink salmon hydrolysate meal Bio-Oregon, 160 kg. 25 kg shipped 12/2003 to both OI and UI Flatfish hydrolysate meal Bio-Oregon, 320 kg., 25 kg shipped 12/2003 to both OI and UI Fall pollock hydrolysate meal Bio-Oregon, 370 kg., 25 kg shipped 12/ 2003 to both OI and UI OI – Shrimp growth trial Shrimp growth trial completed. Shrimp attractant trial is in progress. UI – Fish feeding trial - Feeding trial designed to maintain levels of anabolic steroids that are naturally present in fish meal when portions of fish meal are replaced with soybean and corn gluten meals was initiated and will be completed by the end of the reporting period. UI – Pig feeding trials - Three feeding trials with early-weaned piglets in which fish hydrolysate meals replaced porcine plasma protein were completed.

3.2.5.1 Task 2 Salmon testes hydrolysate No salmon hydrolysis product was made at FITC because of equipment limitations. However, we did make a testes based meal from ground, cooked testis tissue that was dewatered and dried in the Littleford vacuum evaporator. Production Salmon testis meal, Shipped to UI Pollock testis meal, 28 kg., FITC -28.9 °C Red salmon liver meal, 17 kg., FITC -28.9 °C Steroids: We have extracted lipids from salmon testis. The lipid fraction is enriched in steroids. The amount of steroids has been quantified by Iatroscan and samples sent out to commercial laboratories for more detailed analysis of the specific steroid compounds (e.g., testosterone etc). This is best done with radioactive isotopes and we do not have a lice nse for that kind of testing. Production We have separated the lipid fraction and concentrated presumptive steroids. This material has been shipped to UI for testing as a feed additive.

Nucleotides, Purines & Pyrimidines. We have developed protocols to concentrate the purines and pyrimidines that constitute the bases involved in DNA, a large component in testes biochemistry. We are currently performing the chemical analysis of these fractions in preparation of sending UI a feed supplement enriched in these bases to test as an immune stimulant.

UI – Analysis of pollock viscera, salmon head meal and salmon gonad meal for testosterone levels were completed. A feeding trial designed to maintain levels of anabolic steroids that are naturally present in fish meal when portions of fish meal are replaced with soybean and corn gluten meals was initiated and will be completed by the end of the reporting period.

3.2.5.2 Optimizing use and value of Alaskan seafood byproduct fish oil to enhance omega-3 fatty acid levels of farmed fish FITC – Analysis of fish oils There has been a significant amount of chemistry done on the fish oils attendant with the appropriate handling of seafood processing waste. Lipids have been quantitatively identified as to lipid class via Iatroscan. Fatty acid methyl esters have been made from triglycerides and are being analyzed via GC-Mass Spectroscopy. Production Pollock oil, 98 kg., FITC ‑28.9 °C Red salmon oil, 98 kg., FITC ‑28.9 °C Rockfish (POP) oil, 82 kg., FITC ‑28.9 °C Due to logistics problems with the production of the red salmon oil, FITC is awaiting the pink salmon season to complete collection and characterization of early season and late season salmon oils. When these are completed we will ship the experimental oils all at once so comparison tests can me made at OI and UI.

UI – Fish feeding/photoperiod studies Awaiting samples. See above. OI – Shrimp growth trial Awaiting samples. See above.

3.2.5.3 Fish protein chemistry and nutritional characteristics Task 1 – Quantify variability in Alaskan fish meals over the yearly cycle Task 2 – Chemically and nutritionally characterize distinct protein fraction

FITC – During the first five years of this project, FITC has chemically and physically characterized fish meals produced at all times during the year. The major difference in the byproduct stream focuses on the percentage of lipid in the raw material that changes over the yearly cycle. Fish that are about to spawn have significantly lowered lipid levels. These levels rise over the following six months to become their highest in preparation for the winter decrease in food availability. The distinct proteins described here include, stickwater or soluble proteins, bone protein and protein fractions from specific organs.

Pilot experiments We did not have the appropriate technology at FITC to create sufficient volumes of dried protein powder. To remedy this, we have purchased a laboratory scale drum dryer. We will use this to produce protein powders for the nutritional evaluation by OI and UI. However, the dryer will not be delivered until September 4th. The dryer will be capable of handling fish protein meals, fish testis meals and hydrolysates.

The functional nutritional, thermal, and rheological properties of Alaska white fish meals were evaluated. Functional and nutritional properties of the fish meals were relatively consistent. All fish meals contained 66 - 69% protein and 6 - 8% fat. Emulsification capacity and stability, and fat and water adsorption did not differ between samples. All fish meals had similar amino acid and mineral contents. Denaturation, Tmax values ranged from 46.8 to 48.6 oC while enthalpy ranged from 1.3 to 1.6 J/g.

Several experiments, using either strong acid or base, were made to hydrolyze bone proteins and recover them from bone meal. These methods are generally designed for muscle or similar tissues, but apparently not for fish bones. The mineral content of fish bones was a strong buffer and interfered with protein solubilization. Different pH, volume of acid/base added, and hydrolyzation time were tested. Either the a queous fraction protein recovery was very low or the mineral content in the solid fraction was too high. To combat these problems an Alcalase digestion at 0.5% was tested, producing about 70% bone protein recovery. Thus, Alcalase will be used to digest the bone proteins and the aqueous fraction produced will be dried on a laboratory scale drum dryer.

FITC is awaiting the completion of the collection and characterization of these distinct protein fractions before we will ship the experimental materials all at once so comparison tests can be made at OI and UI. FITC deliverables Production Pollock fillet protein powder, Enviro-Pak 60 °C, 34 kg., FITC -28.9 °C. UI – fish growth trial Awaiting samples. See above OI – shrimp growth trial Awaiting samples. See above

3.2.6. Develop innovative ecosystem based aquaculture processes to better utilize fish by-products 3.2.6.1 UAF/OI Task 1 – The role of particulate matter in shrimp culture Trial completed; analysis in progress UAF/OI Task 2 – The role of pond algae vs bacteria and detritus in shrimp culture Trial completed; analysis in progress UAF/OI Task 3 – Direct uptake and assimilation of ammonium from seawater Trial completed; analysis in progress UAF/OI Task 4 – Publications In progress based on results of Tasks 1-3.

3.2.9 Extend feeding trials to marketability of fish raised on by-products for final feeding and extension of plant based feed 3.2.9.1 Assess product quality and consumer acceptance of fish and shellfish fed Alaska by-products OI – Trial conducted using fish from 3.2.4.4 Task 1. 3.2.9.2 Assess product quality and consumer acceptance of fish fed Alaska by-products FITC/UI - This trial will follow completion of current feeding trial using high steroid products, and is scheduled to be completed next project year.

3.2.10. Develop educational and information transfer programs and demonstrate technologies to the Alaskan Seafood Industry, as well as other stakeholders and partners. UAF

3B. List the milestones (from the list in Question #2) that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2005, 2006, & 2007). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone?

FY 2005 [items carried over from Phase I] 3.2.4.5 Nutritional Analysis of C20:1n11 & C22:1n11 Fatty Acids 3.2.5.2 Optimizing use and value of Alaskan seafood byproduct fish oil to enhance n-3 fatty acid levels of farmed fish Alaskan fish oil fractions will be used to enhance the n-3 fatty acid level of farmed fish 3.2.5.3 Fish protein chemistry, physical properties and nutritional characteristics

3.2.9.1 Assess product quality and consumer acceptance of fish and shellfish fed Alaska by-products

FY 2006 Sub objective 1.2. Analyze seasonal variation of the by-product stream Sub objective 1.7. Characterize stick water properties 3.2.5.3. C haracterize fish testes as feed ingredient.

FY 2007 Sub objective 1.1. Analysis of by-product from flat, rock, cartilaginous fish Sub objective 1.3. Characterize tissue and organ components Sub objective 1.6. Characterize properties of hydrolysates Components from fish hydrolysates will be evaluated to determine their effects on feed palatability with the aim of developing a standard product from Alaskan meals for use in diets for salmon and trout that contain high levels of soybean meal. Sub objective 2.1.1 Evaluate raw material quality and its effect on meals and oils Sub objective 2.1.2. Effects of storage time and temp. on by-product components

4. What were the most significant accomplishments this year?

4A. Single Most Significant Accomplishment During FY 2003:

Fish hydrolysates produced using Alaskan by-products were shown to enhance the palatability of rainbow trout diets containing soybean meal. Soybean meal is likely to be a major dietary constituent of farmed fish diets in the future, but problems with palatability limit its use. Our results indicate that this problem can be partially overcome using a small amount of fish hydrolysate protein in the diet. Further, this finding provides a foundation for future research to identify specific properties or constituents of fish hydrolysate that are responsible for enhancing palatability. This should lead to development of high-value products from Alaskan fish processing waste for future use in plant protein-based diets for many carnivorous species of farmed fish, and increase economic returns to seafood processors in Alaska.

4B. Other Significant Accomplishments:

A significant development has been the pilot level production of fish testes meals and their characterization. Steroids, both anabolic and reproductive, are present in significant quantities in these meals. This suggests use of testes meal as a component in fish feed formulation based on plant protein, because recent analyses have shown the presence of these steroids in fish meals made from whole fish or seafood processing byproducts. In addition, the promise of testes meal to stimulate the immune system in cultured salmonids is an intriguing possibility, although work still needs to be done to confirm this hypothesis.

Nutritional value of fish meals for Longfin amberjack The nutritional quality of Alaska fish meal for Longfin amberjack was found to be high in two growth trials. In a 6 month preliminary growth trial, groups of animals were fed one of two diets: one made with Alaska fish meal and a commercial feed. Both diets were similar in protein and oil content. The growth and survival of the fish fed the diet containing the Alaska meal was similar to those fed the commercial feed. The liver lipid level was lower in the Alaska fishmeal feed than in those fed the commercial feed (elevated liver lipid levels in cultured fish have been identified as a potential indicator of reduced nutritional quality). The information generated from this work could be instrumental in persuading aquatic feed manufacturers to replace traditional (which are often imported) fish meals with fish meals made from by products of the Alaska fish processing industry. This work is being followed up in more far-reaching trials.

Sensory Quality Evaluation of Aquacultured Amberjack A preliminary trial was conducted to establish baseline information on flavor and texture attributes of market size (4-6 kg) amberjack reared on two diets, a commercial feed (50% protein and 14% lipid), and an experimental feed prepared at Oceanic Institute with similar composition that used Alaska fishery by-products as the principal ingredient. Cooked amberjack fillet cubes (2 fish samples for each diet) were presented to a trained sensory panel at the University of Hawaii, Manoa for evaluation of appearance, texture and flavor qualities. Overall, the amberjack fillets had an attractive appearance and were moderate in all textural and flavor attributes, and no significant differences (P>0.05%) were found in fish texture and flavor between the fish reared on the two diets. These results can serve as a basis for designing appropriate and cost-effective feeds for aquacultured amberjack that can deliver consumer-approved product quality.

Ecosystem based aquaculture processes There was a need to optimize the use of Alaskan fishery by-product meal in shrimp diets by examining the functional and contributory roles of the bacterial and phytoplankton components in shrimp culture systems. Shrimp nitrogen assimilation via bacterial and algal pathways was examined by either removing or separately examining bacterial and algal pathways using stable isotope tracers: 15N (to label to microbial community) and 13C (to label the diet made with Alaskan fish by-product meal). The mass spectrometry of the shrimp carcasses and chemical analysis of the culture water are pending. By contrasting the incorporation pattern from the feeds with and without the microbial components, it will be possible to better define the relative roles of the feed and the microflora and improve the use of fishery by-products in an environmentally and economically sound manner.

Feeding trials with early-weaned piglets in which fish hydrolysate meals replaced porcine plasma protein were completed. Up to 60% of porcine plasma protein could be replaced without affecting piglet weight gain or feed efficiency. Subsequent repeat studies replacing 50% of porcine plasma protein resulted in no significant differences in growth or carry-over growth (growth following transfer to standard diet after early-weaned period is over) among treatments were found, although in all cases, performance during the carry-over period was superior when fish hydrolysates were fed during the early-wean period than when porcine plasma protein was fed alone.

Our studies with early-weaned piglets demonstrated that partially-hydrolyzed fish protein from Alaska seafood waste could partially replace porcine plasma protein, worth between $1500 and $2500 per ton, in diets for early-weaned pigs. Further research is necessary to develop this product for this specific use, but the potential economic return to Alaskan seafood processors is substantial if such a product can be developed and successfully marketed.

4C. Significant activities that support special target populations.

I. FITC is engaged in a project with SFOS Juneau Center to evaluate how well specific feed formulations, coupled with lowered water temperature can affect growth rates in salmon smolts being cultured in the Private Non-Profit hatchery system in Alaska. This is funded through another source.

PROJECT TITLE: Improved Effectiveness of Hatchery Salmon Smolt Production Abstract

We propose to compare the standard practice of feeding winter smolt of Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, O. nerka and O. kisutch with smolt that have been experimentally driven into a physiological dormancy through a combination of lowered water temperature and minimal feeding. Our hypothesis is that compensatory growth, driven through naturally occurring winter dormancy as experienced by wild smolt of these species will overcome the stagnation in growth through dormancy and produce fitter smolt to be released in the spring.

II. FITC also queried stakeholders in the Alaskan seafood industry (harvesters, processors and coastal communities) and collated a listing of their most important research topics. The research issues raised by Alaskan coastal communities, fisheries action groups and the seafood industry include:

1. Ecosystem Level Research Projects

Essential Fish Habitat Questions Effect of Closures - Marine Reserves – Adaptive Management Environmental Analysis, Monitoring & Assessment Social & Economic Issues re: Marine Resource Extraction

2. Fisheries Management Research Projects Effect of Fishery Management Practices on Fish Quality Timing of Harvest for Quality Optimization (Rockfish) Improve Estimates of Partially Recruited Sablefish Year Classes Intercepting Wild Salmon and Holding Them (Traps, Empoundments) Economic Impacts: Personal Use Fisheries vs. Sports Fisheries Develop Precise Inexpensive Fish Counters Allowing Seiners & Set netters to change gear type (Troll) Options to Observer Coverage

3. Fisheries Gear Research Projects Develop Halibut Bait Unattractive to Dogfish Effectiveness of Excluder Devices in Trawls Impact of Trawl Gear on Fishable Bottoms Effect of Gear Choice on Post Mortem Fish Quality

4. On Board Quality Research Projects Effect of Bleeding on Fish Quality Effect of Pre-Process Holding Time & Transit Temperatures on Fish Quality Use of Antimicrobials in RSW Prevention of Chalky Halibut

5. Aquaculture & Stock Enhancement (PNP Hatchery) Issues Enhancement and Ocean Ranching, Maximizing Benefits Designing Specific Diets for Young Ocean Ranched Fish Molluscan & Crustacean Aquaculture Marine Finfish Stock Enhancement & Aquaculture Marine Plant Aquaculture

6. Bycatch Research Issues Methods to Use Under/Over sized Fish for Human Food Effective Products from Non Target Species (Arrowtooth) Reduce Mortality of Prohibited Species on Board

7. Seafood Processing Research Projects Improved Freezing and Glazing Extraction of Food Grade High Value Components from Under Used Parts Identify & Counteract Feed Odor in Fall Pollock Inventory Processing Plants for Modern Equipment & Management Methods Minimal Process Barrier Technology

8. Underutilized Species Research Projects Krill Arrowtooth Geoducks Hair Crab Marine Plants Dive Species

9. New Product Research Projects New Product Concepts and Technologies Byproduct Optimization: Fish Oils, Stickwaters Biochemicals, Vitamins & Cofactors

10. Seafood Quality Research Issues Methods to Enhance Microbiological Clean-up & Monitoring Extending Shelf Life with Anti-Microbial dips Improving Quality Thawed Fish Antioxidants to Stabilize Color and Minimize Oxidation

11. Seafood Contaminants Research Issues Mercury, Heavy Metals, Petroleum, PCBs and Pesticides in Alaskan Seafood Environmental Estrogens from Degradation of Military Waste PSP Quick Reliable Kits

12. Seafood Safety Issues Seafood Security – Bio Terrorism Listeria monocytogenes Zero Tolerance Reliable Temperature Control Systems

13. Resource Economics & Marketing Research Issues Relationship between Competition & Profitability Effect of Globalization of Markets on Alaska Seafood Industry Live Shipping to Distant Markets Effectiveness of Alaska’s Marketing Programs

14. Research Projects involving Byproducts of Seafood Processing Reducing Volume of Waste Stream Identify Marketable Products from Fish Waste Identify new Technology to make New Valuable Products from Waste Extraction of High Value Components

Information was provided by:

4D. Progress report opportunity to submit additional programmatic information to your Area Office and NPS.

None

5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. This information is especially useful to NPS during the National Program assessment in the 4th and 5th years of the program cycle.

6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end-user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products?

Use of low-ash fish meal from Alaskan seafood processing waste is now being produced by BioOregon and successfully marketed to the US trout feed manufacturing industry for use in low-pollution trout feeds. Clear Springs Foods, Inc., purchases this product.

The importance of fish solubles derived from stickwater or the inclusion of stickwater (which is often discarded at present) in improving nutritional quality of fishmeal has been disseminated to industry. The high nutritional quality of Alaskan whitefish meals and salmon meals, established using scientific research trials in rainbow trout, Pacific threadfin and shrimp, has been disseminated to industry. The chemical characterization of the meals and oils derived from hydrolysates made from whitefish and salmon has been disseminated to industry.

7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work (NOTE: Do not list your peer-reviewed publications here; list them under “Publications”)

Babbitt, J.K., Smiley, S., Bechtel, P.J., Hardy, R.W. and Forster, I. 2004. Evaluation of new technologies for producing feed ingredients from fish byproducts. Proceedings of World Aquaculture Society “Aquaculture 2004” March 1-4, 2004, Honolulu, Hawaii, page 38 (Abst).

Bechtel, PJ and Oliveira, ACM. 2004. Properties of liver protein from different fish species. Technical Poster Session in Seafood Technology and Quality. Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting. Las Vegas (NV). July 12-16.

Bechtel PJ, Sathivel S, Oliveira ACM, Smiley, S and Babbitt, J. 2004. Nutritional properties of dried hydrolysates from pink salmon heads and viscera. Technical Poster Session. World Aquaculture Society Meeting. Honolulu (HI), March 1-4, p. 47.

Forster, I., W. Dominy, S. Smiley, P. Bechtel, R. Hardy and J. Babbitt. Recent advances in utilization of fish byproducts in aquaculture feeds. Presented at the annual meeting of the World Aquaculture Society. Honolulu, Hawaii, 2-5 March 2004.

Hardy, R.W. 2003. Seafood Processing By-product Conference. Aquaculture Magazine 22(1): 59-62. Obaldo, L.G., A.R. Kamarei, and A.S. Huang. 2004. OI trial: sensory qualities of aquacultured amberjack. Global Aquaculture Advocate 7(1):21-22.

Oliveira ACM and Bechtel, PJ. 2004. Lipid Content and Composition of Walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) Livers. Technical Poster Session in Seafood Technology and Quality. Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting. Las Vegas (NV). July 12-16.

Oliveira ACM and Bechtel, PJ. 2004. Pacific cod Byproducts: Lipid Content and Composition. Technical Poster Session in Seafood Technology and Quality. Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting. Las Vegas (NV). July 12-16.

Oliveira ACM and Bechtel PJ. 2003. Lipid Composition of Alaskan Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) By-Products. Technical Poster Session in Seafood Technology and Quality. Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting. Chicago (IL), July 10-14.

Oliveira ACM and Bechtel PJ. 2003. Lipid analysis of Fillet from Giant Grenadier (Albatrossia pectoralis), Arrow Tooth Flounder (Atherestes stomias), Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and Walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). Technical Poster Session in Seafood Technology and Quality. Institute of Food Scientists Annual Meeting. Chicago (IL), July 10-14.

Patterson, M., Sathivel, S, Bechtel, P.J., Babbitt, J.K, and Crapo, C. Properties of soluble and insoluble protein from arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias). IFT 2004 annual meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada.

Sathivel, S. Properties of Pollock oils. IFT 2004 annual meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada.

Sathivel, S, Bechtel, P.J., Babbitt, J.K., Smiley, S., and Negulescu, I. Properties of Alaska white fish meal from Pollock and cod fish processing byproducts. IFT 2004 annual meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada.

Sathivel, S, Bechtel, P.J., Babbitt, J.K., Smiley, S., and Negulescu, I. Properties of insoluble protein powders from Pollock byproducts. IFT 2004 annual meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada.

Sathivel, S., Bechtel, P.J., and Reppond, K. Physicochemical and functional properties of soluble protein isolates from Pollock byproducts. IFT 2004 annual meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada.

Sathivel, S. and Bechtel, P.J. Properties of protein hydrolysates from pink salmon heads. IFT 2004 annual meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada.

Sathivel, S. and Bechtel, P.J. Physicochemical and functional properties of protein powders from salmon heads. IFT 2004 annual meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada.

Sathivel, S., Smiley, S., and Bechtel, P.J. Effect of different enzymes on degree of fish protein hydrolysis and oil yield. IFT 2004 annual meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada.

Smiley, S., & Smoker W. 2004. Ocean ranching: update on Alaska’s salmon Aquaculture. World Aquaculture Society Annual Meeting, March 2004. Smiley, S., 2004. Research Needs of Alaskan Coastal Communities. ComFish Research Forum, March 2004

Smiley, S., 2003. Applied Fisheries Research in Alaska. Annual Meeting, Alaska State Chambers of Commerce. Kodiak, AK. October 2003

Scientific Publications

Forster, I., J. Babbitt, and S. Smiley. 2004. Nutritional quality of fish meals made from by-products of the Alaska fishing industry in diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 13:115-123.

Forster, I., J.K. Babbitt, and S. Smiley. 2003. Nutritional quality of Alaska white fish meals made with different levels of hydrolyzed stickwater for Pacific threadfin (Polydactylus sexfilis). In: Advances in Seafood Byproducts, Proceedings of the 2nd International Seafood Byproduct Conference, November 2002, Anchorage. P.J. Bechtel, editor. Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks (AK-SG-03-01). pp. 169-174.

Hardy, R.W. 2003. Marine Byproducts for Aquaculture Use. Advances in Seafood Byproducts, P.J. Bechtel, Editor. Alaska Sea Grant College Program, AK-SG-03-01. University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK. Pp. 141-152.

Li, P., Wang, X., Hardy, R.W. and Gatlin III, D.M. 2004. Nutritional value of fisheries by-catch and by-product meal in the diet of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture, 236: 485-496.

Oliveira ACM and Bechtel, PJ. 2004. Characterization of liver lipids from Alaska fish species. Full manuscript accepted for publication at the Proceedings from West European Fishery Technologist Annual Meeting. IN PRESS.

Oliveira ACM and Becht el, PJ. 2004. Lipid composition of Alaska pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and Alaska walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) byproducts. J. Aquat. Food Prod. Tech. IN PRESS.

Sathivel, S, Bechtel, P.J., Babbitt, J.K, Prinyawiwatkul, W., Negulescu, I. Reppond, K.D. 2004. Properties of protein powders from arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) and herring (Clupea harengus) byproduct. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. (In press).

Sathivel, S, Bechtel, P.J., Babbitt, J.K., Prinyawiwatkul, W. and Negulescu. I. Functional, thermal, rheological properties of Alaska white fish meal. J. Aquatic Food Products. (In review).

Smiley, S., J.K. Babbitt, S. Divakaran, I. Forster, and A. de Oliveira. 2003. Analysis of groundfish meals made in Alaska. In: Advances in Seafood Byproducts, Proceedings of the 2nd International Seafood Byproduct Conference, November 2002, Anchorage. P.J. Bechtel, editor. Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks (AK-SG-03-01). pp. 431-454.

Awards Patterson, M. Developing arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) protein powder mayonnaise. IFT 2004 Undergraduate research paper competition. Finalist. Advisor. Dr. Subramaniam Sathivel.